Stefan Frank

Centre for Language Studies ← Click here for a picture of me (if you must)
Radboud University
Erasmusplein 1 ⟡ Room 6.01 (Mondays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays)
6525HT Nijmegen ⟡ The Netherlands
📧 ⟡ 📞+31 24 3615491 ⟡ 🦋@stefanfrank.bsky.social ⟡ 🐘@stefanfrank@scholar.social

Connectionist Models of Second Language Acquisition and Processing
Frank, S.L. & Shapiro, N.T.
International Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics

Revisiting processing complexity of nested and cross-serial dependencies
Yadav, H., Frank, S.L., Futrell, R., & Husain, S.
Glossa Psycholinguistics

The need for human data when analysing the human-likeness of syntactic representations in neural language models: The case of English wh-island constraints [preprint]
Suijkerbuijk, M., Shapiro, N.T., De Swart, P., & Frank, S.L.
Manuscript submitted for publication

BLiMP-NL: A corpus of Dutch minimal pairs and acceptability judgements for language model evaluation [preprint]
Suijkerbuijk, M., Prins, Z., de Heer Kloots, M., Zuidema, M., & Frank, S.L.
Manuscript submitted for publication

The Bilingual Dual-path model: Simulating bilingual production, comprehension, and development [doi]
Khoe, Y.H., & Frank, S.L.
Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism

Communicative efficiency in multimodal language directed at children and adults [doi]
Grzyb, B., Frank, S.L., & Vigliocco, G.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 153, 1904-1919

Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society [url]
L.K. Samuelson, S.L. Frank, M. Toneva, A. Mackey, & E. Hazeltine (Eds.)

Simulating event-related potentials in bilingual sentence comprehension: syntactic violations and syntactic transfer [pdf]
Verwijmeren, S., Frank, S.L., Fitz, H. & Khoe, Y.H.
Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Cognitive Modelling

An eye-tracking-with-EEG coregistration corpus of narrative sentences [doi] [supplement] [data]
Frank, S.L., & Aumeistere, A.
Language Resources and Evaluation, 58, 641-657

Neural language model gradients predict event-related brain potentials [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics (SCiL) 2024, 316-323

A neural network simulation of event-related potentials in response to syntactic violations in second-language learning [pdf]
Verwijmeren, S., Frank, S.L., Fitz, H. & Khoe, Y.H.
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Cognitive Modelling

The Learnability of the Wh-island constraint in Dutch by a Long Short-Term Memory network [doi]
Suijkerbuijk, M., De Swart, P., & Frank, S.L.
Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics (SCiL) 2023, 321-331

Modelling word learning and recognition using visually grounded speech [doi]
Merkx, D., Scholten, S., Frank, S.L., Ernestus, M., & Scharenborg, O.
Cognitive Computation, 15, 272-288

Is structural priming between different languages a learning effect? Modeling priming as error-driven implicit learning [doi]
Khoe, Y.H., Tsoukala, C., Kootstra, G.J., & Frank, S.L.
Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 38, 537-557

Masculine generic pronouns as a gender cue in generic statements [doi]
Redl, T., Szuba, A., De Swart, P., Frank, S.L., & De Hoop, H.
Discourse Processes, 59, 828-845

Seeing the advantage: visually grounding word embeddings to better capture human semantic knowledge [pdf]
Merkx, D., Frank, S.L., & Ernestus, M.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics

Unsupervised text segmentation predicts eye fixations during reading [doi]
Yang, J., Van den Bosch, A., & Frank, S.L.
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 5, 731615

Computermodellen van taal [html]
Frank, S.L.
Handboek Didactiek Nederlands

The missing-VP effect in readers of English as a second language [doi]
Frank, S.L., Ernst, P., Thompson, R.L., & Cozijn, R.
Memory & Cognition, 49, 1204-1219

Simulating proficiency and exposure effects on cross-language structural priming in simultaneous bilinguals [pdf]
Khoe, Y.H., Kootstra, G.J., Schoonen, R., & Frank, S.L.
Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Cognitive Modelling

Semantic sentence similarity: size does not always matter [doi] [Spoken STS data]
Merkx, D., Frank, S.L., & Ernestus, M.
Proceedings of Interspeech 2021 (pp. 4393-4397)

Cross-language structural priming in recurrent neural network language models [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society

Human sentence processing: recurrence or attention? [pdf]
Merkx, D., & Frank, S.L.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics

The male bias of a masculine generic pronoun: Evidence from eye-tracking and sentence evaluation [doi]
Redl, T., Frank, S.L., De Swart, P., & De Hoop, H.
PLoS ONE, 16, e0249309

Modeling the auxiliary phrase asymmetry in code-switched Spanish-English [doi]
Tsoukala, C., Frank, S.L., Van den Bosch, A., Valdés Kroff, J., & Broersma, M.
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 24, 271-280

Towards computational models of multilingual sentence processing [doi]
Frank, S.L.
Language Learning, 71, 193-218 (special issue "What is special about multilingualism?")

Simulating code-switching using a neural network model of bilingual sentence production [doi]
Tsoukala, C., Broersma, M., Van den Bosch, A., & Frank, S.L.
Computational Brain & Behavior, 4, 87-100

Modeling the influence of language input statistics on children's speech production [doi]
Roete, I., Frank, S.L., Fikkert, P., & Casillas, M.A.
Cognitive Science, 44, e12924

Less is Better: A cognitively inspired unsupervised model for language segmentation [pdf]
Yang, J., Van Den Bosch, A., & Frank, S.L.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon (pp. 33-45)

Modeling cross-language structural priming in sentence production [pdf]
Khoe, Y.H., Tsoukala, C., Kootstra, G.J., & Frank, S.L.
In: T.C. Stewart (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Cognitive Modelling (pp. 131-137)

Evaluating information-theoretic measures of word prediction in naturalistic sentence reading [doi]
Aurnhammer C., & Frank, S.L.
Neuropsychologia, 134, 107198

Judgements about double-embedded relative clauses differ between languages [doi]
Frank, S.L., & Ernst, P.
Psychological Research, 83, 1581-1593

Neural network models of language acquisition and processing [pdf]
Frank, S.L., Monaghan, P., & Tsoukala, C.
In: P. Hagoort (Ed.), Human Language: from Genes and Brains to Behavior (pp. 277-291). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press

Learning semantic representations of sentences from visually grounded language [doi]
Merkx, D., & Frank, S.L.
Natural Language Engineering, 25, 451-466

Language learning using speech to image retrieval [doi]
Merkx, D., Frank, S.L., & Ernestus, M.
Proceedings of Interspeech 2019 (pp. 1841-1845)

The interaction between structure and meaning in sentence comprehension: Recurrent neural networks and reading times [pdf]
Frank, S.L., & Hoeks, J.C.J.
In: A. K. Goel, C. M. Seifert, and C. Freksa (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 337-343)

Comparing gated and simple recurrent neural network architectures as models of human sentence processing [pdf]
Aurnhammer C., & Frank, S.L.
In: A. K. Goel, C. M. Seifert, and C. Freksa (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 112-118)

Simulating Spanish-English code-switching: El modelo está generating code switches [pdf]
Tsoukala, C., Frank, S.L., Van den Bosch, A., Valdés Kroff, J., & Broersma, M.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics (pp. 20-29). Minneapolis, Minnesota: Association for Computational Linguistics

Dependency parsing with your eyes: Dependency structure predicts eye regressions during reading [pdf]
Lopopolo, A., Frank, S.L., Van den Bosch, A., & Willems, R.M.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics (pp. 77-85). Minneapolis, Minnesota: Association for Computational Linguistics

Modelling the structure and dynamics of semantic processing [doi]
Rotaru, A.S., Vigliocco, G., & Frank, S.L.
Cognitive Science, 42, 2890-2917

Hierarchical and sequential processing of language: A response to Ding, Melloni, Tian, & Poeppel (2017) [doi]
Frank, S.L., & Christiansen, M.H.
Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33, 1213-1218

Lexical representation explains cortical entrainment during speech comprehension [doi]
Frank, S.L., & Yang, J.
PLoS ONE, 13(5), e0197304

The Narrative Brain Dataset: an fMRI dataset for the study of natural language processing in the brain [pdf]
Lopopolo, A., Frank, S.L., Van den Bosch, A., Nijhof, A., & Willems, R.M.
In B. Devereux, E. Shutova, & C.-R. Huang (Eds.), Proceedings of the LREC 2018 Workshop "Linguistic and Neuro-Cognitive Resources (LiNCR)" (pp. 8-11)

Probabilistic language models in cognitive neuroscience: promises and pitfalls [doi]
Armeni, K., Willems, R.M., & Frank, S.L.
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 83, 579-588

Word predictability and semantic similarity show distinct patterns of brain activity during language comprehension [doi]
Frank, S.L., & Willems, R.M.
Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 32, 1192-1203

Using stochastic language models to map lexical, syntactic, and phonological information processing in the brain [pdf]
Lopopolo, A., Frank, S.L., Van den Bosch, A., & Willems, R.M.
PLoS ONE, 12(5), e0177794

Word embedding distance does not predict word reading time [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
In: G. Gunzelmann, A. Howes, T. Tenbrink, & E.J. Davelaar (Eds.), Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 385-390). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society

"He's pregnant": simulating the confusing case of gender pronoun errors in L2 English [pdf]
Tsoukala, C., Frank, S.L., & Broersma M.
In: G. Gunzelmann, A. Howes, T. Tenbrink, & E.J. Davelaar (Eds.), Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 3392-3397). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society

Data-driven broad-coverage grammars for opinionated natural language generation (ONLG) [pdf]
Cagan, T., Frank, S.L., & Tsarfaty, R.
Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Vol. 1: Long Papers, pp. 1331-1341). Vancouver, Canada: Association for Computational Linguistics.

Reservoir computing and the sooner-is-better bottleneck [Commentary on Christiansen & Chater, "The now-or-never bottleneck: a fundamental constraint on language"] [pdf]
Frank, S.L., & Fitz, H.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39, e73

Statistical learning bias predicts second-language reading efficiency [pdf]
Onnis, L., Frank, S.L., Yun, H., & Lou-Magnuson, M.
In: A. Papafragou, D. Grodner, D. Mirman, & J.C. Trueswell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2105-2110). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society

From words to behaviour via semantic networks [pdf]
Rotaru, A.S., Vigliocco, G., & Frank, S.L.
In: A. Papafragou, D. Grodner, D. Mirman, & J.C. Trueswell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2207-2212). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society

Prediction during natural language comprehension [pdf][supplement]
Willems, R.M., Frank, S.L., Nijhof, A.D., Hagoort, P., & Van den Bosch, A.
Cerebral Cortex, 26, 2506-2516

Cross-linguistic differences in processing double-embedded relative clauses: Working-memory constraints or language statistics? [doi][supplement]
Frank, S.L., Trompenaars, T., & Vasishth, S.
Cognitive Science, 40, 554-578

Causal inferences and world knowledge [pdf]
Noordman, L., Vonk, W., Cozijn, R., & Frank, S.L.
In: E.J. O'Brien, A.E. Cook, & R.F. Lorch (Eds.). Inferences during reading (pp. 260-289). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

The ERP response to the amount of information conveyed by words in sentences [doi][supplement][data]
Frank, S.L., Otten, L.J., Galli, G., & Vigliocco, G.
Brain and Language, 140, 1-11

Reconciling embodied and distributional accounts of meaning in language [pdf]
Andrews, M., Frank, S.L., & Vigliocco, G.
Topics in Cognitive Science, 6, 359-370

Modelling reading times in bilingual sentence comprehension [pdf]
Frank, S.L. (2014)
In: P. Bello, M. Guarini, M. McShane, & B. Scassellati (Eds.), Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1860-1861). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society

Generating subjective responses to opinionated articles in social media: an agenda-driven architecture and a Turing-like test [pdf]
Cagan, T., Frank, S.L., & Tsarfaty, R.
Proceedings of the ACL Joint Workshop on Social Dynamics and Personal Attributes in Social Media (pp. 58-67). Baltimore, MD: Association for Computational Linguistics

Getting real about systematicity [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
In: P. Calvo & J. Symons (Eds.), The architecture of cognition: rethinking Fodor and Pylyshyn's systematicity challenge (pp. 147-164). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Modelling letter perception: the effect of supervision and top-down information on simulated reaction times [pdf]
Klein, M., Frank, S.L., Madec, S., & Grainger, J.
In: J. Mayor & P. Gomez (Eds.), Computational models of cognitive processes: Proceedings of the 13th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop (pp. 17-28). Singapore: World Scientific

Hierarchical structure in prefrontal cortex improves performance at abstract tasks [pdf]
Tukker, R., Van Rossum, A.C., Frank, S.L., & Haselager, W.F.G.
In: J. Mayor & P. Gomez (Eds.), Computational models of cognitive processes: Proceedings of the 13th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop (pp. 170-184). Singapore: World Scientific

Reading-time data for evaluating broad-coverage models of English sentence processing [doi][erratum][data]
Frank, S.L., Monsalve, I.F., Thompson, R.L., & Vigliocco, G.
Behavior Research Methods, 45, 1182-1190

Word surprisal predicts N400 amplitude during reading [pdf][erratum]
Frank, S.L., Otten, L.J., Galli, G. & Vigliocco, G.
Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 878-883). Sofia, Bulgaria: Association for Computational Linguistics

Uncertainty reduction as a measure of cognitive load in sentence comprehension [pdf][data]
Frank, S.L.
Topics in Cognitive Science, 5, 475-494

How hierarchical is language use? [pdf]
Frank, S.L., Bod, R., & Christiansen, M.H.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279, 4522-4531

Early effects of word surprisal on pupil size during reading [pdf]
Frank, S.L., & Thompson, R.L.
In: N. Miyake, D. Peebles, & R.P. Cooper (Eds.), Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1554-1559). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Societ

Lexical surprisal as a general predictor of reading time [pdf]
Monsalve, I.F., Frank, S.L., & Vigliocco, G.
Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 398-408). Avignon, France: Association for Computational Linguistics

Sentence comprehension as mental simulation: an information-theoretic perspective [pdf]
Frank, S.L., & Vigliocco, G.
Information, 2, 672-696

Sentence comprehension as mental simulation: an information-theoretic analysis and a connectionist model [pdf, but better take the journal version above]
Frank, S.L.
In: E.J. Davelaar (Ed.), Connectionist models of neurocognition and emergent behavior: Proceedings of the 12th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop (pp. 190-207). Singapore: World Scientific

Insensitivity of the human sentence-processing system to hierarchical structure [pdf][supplement][data]
Frank, S.L., & Bod, R.
Psychological Science, 22, 829-834

Uncertainty reduction as a measure of cognitive processing effort [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics (pp. 81-89). Uppsala, Sweden: Association for Computational Linguistics

Sentence processing in echo state networks: a qualitative analysis by finite state machine extraction [pdf]
Frank, S.L., & Jacobsson, H.
Connection Science, 22, 135-155

Surprisal-based comparison between a symbolic and a connectionist model of sentence processing [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
In: N.A. Taatgen & H. van Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1139-1144). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society

Strong systematicity in sentence processing by simple recurrent networks [pdf]
Brakel, P., & Frank, S.L.
In: N.A. Taatgen & H. van Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1599-1604). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society

Connectionist semantic systematicity [pdf]
Frank, S.L., Haselager, W.F.M., & Van Rooij, I.
Cognition, 110, 358-379

World knowledge in computational models of discourse comprehension [pdf]
Frank, S.L., Koppen, M., Noordman, L.G.M., & Vonk, W.
Discourse Processes, 45, 429-463

Generalization and systematicity in echo state networks [pdf]
Frank, S.L., & Cernanský, M.
In: B.C. Love, K. McRae, & V.M. Sloutsky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 733-738). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society

Self-organizing word representations for fast sentence processing [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
In: R.M. French and E. Thomas (Eds.), From associations to rules: Proceedings of the 10th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop (pp. 78-88). Singapore: World Scientific

Coherence-driven resolution of referential ambiguity: a computational model [pdf]
Frank, S.L., Koppen, M., Noordman, L.G.M., & Vonk, W.
Memory & Cognition, 35, 1307-1322

Automated abstraction of dynamic neural systems for natural language processing [pdf]
Jacobsson, H., Frank, S.L., & Federici, D.
Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (pp. 1446-1451). Orlando, FL

Modeling multiple levels of text representation [pdf]
Frank, S.L., Koppen, M., Noordman, L.G.M., & Vonk, W.
In: F. Schmalhofer & C.A. Perfetti (Eds.), Higher level language processes in the brain: inference and comprehension processes (pp. 133-157). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Book review: From Molecule to Metaphor: a Neural Theory of Language by J.A. Feldman [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
Computational Linguistics, 33, 259-261

Learn more by training less: Systematicity in sentence processing by recurrent networks [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
Connection Science, 18, 287-302

Strong systematicity in sentence processing by an Echo State Network [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
In: S. Kollias et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of ICANN 2006, Part I, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 4131 (pp. 505-514)

Robust semantic systematicity and distributed representations in a connectionist model of sentence comprehension [pdf]
Frank, S.L., & Haselager, W.F.G.
In: R. Sun & N. Miyake (Eds.), Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 226-231), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Predicting without modeling: a critique of Trabasso and Bartolone (2003) [pdf]
Frank, S.L., Koppen, M., Noordman, L.G.M., & Vonk, W.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31, 374-377

Sentence comprehension as the construction of a situational representation: A connectionist model [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
In: A. Russell, T. Honkela, K. Lagus, & M. Pöllä (Eds.), Proceedings of AMKLC'05, International Symposium on Adaptive Models of Knowledge, Language and Cognition (pp. 27-33). Espoo, Finland: Helsinki University of Technology

Sentence comprehension without propositional structure [pdf]
Frank, S.L.
In: A. Cangelosi, G. Bugmann, & R. Borisyuk (Eds.), Modeling language, cognition and action: Proceedings of the 9th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop(pp. 119-128). Singapore: World Scientific

Computational modeling of discourse comprehension [pdf]
Frank, S.L. (2004)
Doctoral dissertation. Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University

Modeling knowledge-based inference in story comprehension [pdf]
Frank, S.L., Koppen, M., Noordman, L.G.M., & Vonk, W. (2003)
Cognitive Science, 27, 875-910

Neural network identification of poets using letter sequences [abstract]
Hoorn, J.F., Frank, S.L., Kowalczyk, W., & Van der Ham, F. (1999)
Literary and Linguistic Computing, 14, 311-338